Nanoprobes with near-infrared persistent luminescence for <i>in vivo</i> imaging

Fluorescence is increasingly used for in vivo imaging and has provided remarkable results. Yet this technique presents several limitations, especially due to tissue autofluorescence under external illumination and weak tissue penetration of low wavelength excitation light. We have developed an alternative optical imaging technique by using persistent luminescent nanoparticles suitable for small animal imaging. These nanoparticles can be excited before injection, and their in vivo distribution can be followed in real-time for more than 1 h without the need for any external illumination source. Chemical modification of the nanoparticles' surface led to lung or liver targeting or to long-lasting blood circulation. Tumor mass could also be identified on a mouse model.