Influence of hemoglobin precipitation on erythrocyte metabolism in alpha and beta thalassemia

Certain aspects of the metabolism of centrifuged young and old erythrocytes in hemoglobin H disease have been examined and compared with similar studies of beta thalassemia and normal cells. Glycolysis, hexose monophosphate shunt activity (HMPS), potassium flux, and glutathione (GSH) content were measured. The distributions of hemoglobins H and F, as well as the activities of erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT), were utilized for estimations of the relative ages of the cell samples. The young erythrocytes in hemoglobin H disease differed in several respects from older hemoglobin H cells. They contained more soluble hemoglobin H and GSH and, after splenectomy, fewer inclusions. HMPS activity was subnormal in hemoglobin H young cells and rose to normal activity in old cells. Potassium flux tended to increase in old cells when inclusions were present.Beta thalassemia young cells contained less hemoglobin F and, after splenectomy, more inclusions than old cells. In addition, they had markedly increased glycolysis and HMPS activity. GSH was randomly distributed. Potassium flux was increased in younger cells and particularly increased when inclusions appeared in younger cells after splenectomy. The results are interpreted to indicate that inclusion formation is associated with increased erythrocyte cation permeability in the thalassemia syndromes. This is not related to the level of intracellular GSH. The decreased HMPS activity in young hemoglobin H cells may be due to the presence of the extra thiols of soluble hemoglobin H which can act as a reducing agent. The substitution of hemoglobin H for glutathione in this capacity would then spare the NADPH-requiring glutathione reductase system. As a consequence, HMPS activity would decline. However, in older cells the oxidized hemoglobin H precipitates; these must rely upon GSH and glutathione reductase activity for thiol reduction capacity. Accordingly, HMPS activity increases to normal in the old cell population.