Sigma-Delta Modulators: Tutorial Overview, Design Guide, and State-of-the-Art Survey

This paper presents a tutorial overview of <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">$\Sigma\Delta$</tex></formula> modulators, their operating principles and architectures, circuit errors and models, design methods, and practical issues. A review of the state of the art on nanometer CMOS implementations is described, giving a survey of cutting-edge <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">$\Sigma\Delta$</tex></formula> architectures, with emphasis on their application to the next generation of wireless telecom systems.