Biosecurity issues associated with current and emerging embryo technologies

A variety of procedures associated with in vivo and in vitro embryo production, as well as cloning and transgenics, are in current use by both researchers and practitioners. Biohazards associated with these procedures could influence clinical proficiency and the outcome of basic research or result in unusual distribution of pathogens in populations of animals. By their nature, embryo technologies are vulnerable to contamination from numerous sources. Although pathogens can originate in the physical environments in which embryo technologies are applied, they are more likely to be introduced via animals or materials of animal origin. However, it is important to note that both the occurrence and consequences of contamination are heavily influenced by environmental circumstances. This paper represents a philosophical description of biohazards associated with three generations of embryo technologies using the cow as a model species. Emphasis is placed on sources of contamination, current or suggested preventive actions and the issue of environmental changes as they relate to the emergence of biohazards and the implementation of biosecurity measures. Some specific pathogens are discussed for illustration. In addition, details of the risks associated with introducing bovine viral diarrhoea virus in each of three generations of embryo technologies are described.