Blackout Prevention in the United States, Europe, and Russia

Tens and hundreds of thousands of disturbances occur annually in modern power systems. The overwhelming majority of them are eliminated by relay protection devices and other automatic systems and by the actions of the dispatching personnel. A small fraction of the emergencies (tens of cases in such large power interconnections as those in the United States and Canada, Europe, and the United Power System (UPS) of Russia) result in significant system failures, sometimes of a cascading nature. They are consequences of unusual primary disturbances, failures of automatic emergency control systems, protection device malfunctions, and errors by personnel, but do not cause extreme consequences for the power system and the consumers. Of these, only some rare failures-blackouts-become catastrophes with severe long-term consequences for the national economies and population. Recent blackouts in North America, Europe, Russia, and other countries require specialists once again to pay closer attention to the blackout phenomenon. It is often believed that the philosophy of preventing blackouts should be based on dispatching personnel training, wide-area system visibility,and better computer models for the analysis of the stability and security of power systems. The authors of this paper also think that in emergency situations of a cascading nature, automatic emergency control systems should play a major role. A confirmation for this statement is the fact that from 1975 to 2005 there were no blackouts in the UPS of Russia (where automatic emergency control systems are widely used). At the same time, the Moscow blackout demonstrated that the growing problems in the Russia's UPS (such as aging equipment and load growth) made it also vulnerable to major blackouts. This stresses again that the electrical power industry faces common global problems and that a global effort, cooperation, and exchange of the best practices are needed to prevent blackouts. This paper describes the Russian