<i>The</i> Improvement Rate Difference <i>for Single-Case Research</i>

This article describes and field-tests the improvement rate difference (IRD), a new effect size for summarizing single-case research data. Termed “risk difference” in medical research, IRD expresses the difference in successful performance between baseline and intervention phases. IRD can be calculated from visual analysis of nonoverlapping data, and is easily explained to most educators. IRD entails few data assumptions and has confidence intervals. The article applies IRD to 166 published data series, correlates results with three other effect sizes: R 2 , Kruskal-Wallis W, and percent of nonoverlapping data (PND), and reports interrater reliability of the IRD hand scoring. The major finding is that IRD is a promising effect size for single-case research.