Fully integrated PCR-capillary electrophoresis microsystem for DNA analysis

A fully integrated genomic analysis microsystem including microfabricated heaters, temperature sensors, and PCR chambers directly connected to capillary electrophoretic separation channels has been constructed. Valves and hydrophobic vents provide controlled and sensorless sample positioning and immobilization into 200 nL PCR chambers. The use of microfabricated heating and temperature sensing elements improves the heating and cooling rates for the PCR reaction to 20 degree C s(-1). The amplified PCR product, labeled on-column with an intercalating fluorescent dye, is injected into the gel-filled capillary for electrophoretic analysis. Successful sex determination using a multiplex PCR reaction from human genomic DNA is demonstrated in less than 15 min. This device is an important step toward a microfabricated genomic microprocessor for use in forensics and point-of-care molecular medical diagnostics.