Understanding minds: Different functions and different disorders? The contribution of psychotherapy research

Abstract Disorders in the ability to understand mental states (metacognition) have an important role in psychopathology. Some clinicians talk of a generalised impairment of metacognition and others of malfunctioning of specific aspects. We compare two contrasting hypotheses. We call the first one ‘fast running’ hypothesis according to which metacognition is a single function, like speed in running. The second one is the ‘tennis playing’ hypothesis according to which metacognition is composed, like the ability to play tennis, of various, relatively independent skills, which can get impaired selectively. We reviewed the main theories and researches on metacognition and, therefore, we outlined a research programme based on them, describing the contribution made by the research on the psychotherapeutic process to this programme.