Purines Are Required at the 5′ Ends of Newly Initiated RNAs for Optimal RNA Polymerase III Gene Expression

We have made specific alterations in the CAACAA element at the transcription start site of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae suppressor tRNA gene. The mutant genes were tested for their ability to suppress the ochre nonsense alleles ade2-1, lys4-1, and met4-1. Many of the mutants showed either no phenotypic change or a weak loss of suppression relative to that of SUP4-o. A 2-bp change, CTCCAA, which alters bases encoding the +1 and +2 nucleotides of pre-tRNA Tyr, had a strong deleterious effect in vivo, as did the more extensive change CTCCTC. In contrast, mutant genes bearing each of the possible single changes at nucleotide +1 retained normal suppression levels. The transcription start point could be shifted in a limited fashion in response to the specific sequences encountered by RNA polymerase III at the start site. ATP was preferentially utilized as the 5' nucleotide in the growing RNA chain, while with start site sequences that precluded utilization of a purine, CTP was greatly preferred to UTP as the +1 nucleotide. Short oligopyrimidine RNAs formed on the CTCCTC allele could be repositioned in the active center of the newly formed ternary complex. Early postinitiation complexes containing short nascent RNAs formed on the CTCCTC mutant were more sensitive to the effects of heparin and produced more abortive transcripts than similar complexes formed on SUP4-o. Our results suggest that the purine-rich sequences at the 5' ends of the nascent transcripts of many genes act to stabilize the early ternary complex.