Fluid flows and metal deposition near basement /cover unconformity: lessons and analogies from Pb–Zn–F–Ba systems for the understanding of Proterozoic U deposits

Geofluids (2010) 10 , 270–292 Abstract Fluid circulation at basement/cover unconformities is of first importance for metal transfer and especially the formation of Pb–Zn, F, Ba and U‐deposits. This is typically the case for world‐class Proterozoic U deposits (Canada, Australia, Gabon) in basins, which show many similarities with younger Pb–Zn–F–Ba systems (Irish Paleozoic Pb–Zn deposits, F–Pb–Zn–Ba deposits related to extensional tectonics from Spain, western France and Silesia and fluid movements related to continental rifting in the Rhine graben). As fluid mixing near the basement/cover unconformity is one of the key factors for ore formation, a series of parameters have been considered for both systems: the time gap between basin formation and metal deposit, the origin and nature of the ore fluids, the temperature of fluid end members and the style of migration. Results show great similarities in all fluid systems: (i) a wide range of fluid salinity indicating the lack of homogeneity of fluid chemistry at the scale of the reservoirs, (ii) the deep penetration of brines through faults and dense networks of microfractures within the basement below the unconformity, (iii) local fluid–rock interaction leading to porosity increase and significant fluid changes in fluid chemistry, (iv) a pulsatory fluid regime during fluid trapping, (v) anisothermal fluid mixing revealed by a systematic temperature gap between brines and recharge fluids, (vi) stages of fluid movements facilitated by discontinuous opening related to later tectonic/telogenetic stages linked to major geodynamic events, typically without related sedimentation and burial (exception in a few cases characterized by the synchronous production and penetration of surface brines and ore genesis). By analogy with younger systems, the conditions of burial and penetration of brines in the Archean basement suggest that thermal convection drove the brine movements, and was possibly linked to extensional tectonics in a part of the giant mid‐Proterozoic U‐deposits.