Postoperative ileus is maintained by intestinal immune infiltrates that activate inhibitory neural pathways in mice1 1The authors thank Prof. Yvette van Kooyk, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Free University, Amsterdam, for her gift of blocking antibodies; Drs. Formijn van Hemert and Cynara Veeris, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, for their assistance in the gastric emptying studies; and Dr. Jan M. Ruijter, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, for statistical assistance.