Leaf morphological differentiation between <i>Quercus robur</i> and <i>Quercuspetraea</i> is stable across western European mixed oak stands

Leaf morphology was assessed in nine mixed oak stands (Quercus petraea and Q. robur) located in eight European countries. Exhaustive sampling was used in an area of each stand where the two species coexisted in approximately equal proportions (about 170 trees/species/stand). Fourteen leaf characters were assessed on each of 5 to10 leaves collected from the upper part of each tree. Three multivariate statistical techniques (CDA, canonical discriminant analysis; PCA, principal component analysis; MCA, multiple correspondence analysis) were used in two different ways: first on the total set of leaves over all stands (global analysis) and second, separately within each stand (local analysis). There was a general agreement of the results among the statistical methods used and between the analyses conducted (global and local). The first synthetic variable derived by each multivariate analysis exhibited a clear and sharp bimodal distribution, with overlapping in the central part. The two modes were interpreted as the two species, and the overlapping region was interpreted as an area where the within-species variations were superimposed. There was no discontinuity in the distribution or no visible evidence of a third mode which would have indicated the existence of a third population composed of trees with intermediate morphologies. Based on petiole length and number of intercalary veins, an "easy to use" discriminant function applicable to a major part of the natural distribution of the species was constructed. Validation on an independent set of trees provided a 98% rate of correct identification. The results were interpreted in the light of earlier reports about extensive hybridization occurring in mixed oak stands. Maternal effects on morphological characters, as well as a lower frequency or fitness of hybrids in comparison with parent species could explain the maintenance of two modes, which might be composed of either pure species or pure species and introgressed forms. morphology / leaf / Quercus robur / Quercus petraea / taxonomy Rsum -La diffrenciation morphologique des feuilles entre Quercus robur et Quercus petraea est stable travers les peuplements mlangs de chnes de l'ouest europen. La variabilit de la morphologie foliaire a t etudie dans neuf peuplements mlangs de chnes (Quercus petraea et Q. robur) en Europe sur la base d'un chantillon exhaustif moyen de 170 arbres/espce/peuplement. Trois mthodes d'analyses multivariables ont t utilises (ACD : analyse canonique discriminante ; ACP : analyse en composantes principales ; AFC : analyse factorielle des correspondances). Les trois mthodes aboutissent des rsultats congruents. La premire variable synthtique de chaque mthode se