Fusion Tyrosine Kinases Induce Drug Resistance by Stimulation of Homology-Dependent Recombination Repair, Prolongation of G₂/M Phase, and Protection from Apoptosis

Fusion tyrosine kinases (FTKs) such as BCR/ABL, TEL/ABL, TEL/JAK2, TEL/PDGF beta R, TEL/TRKC(L), and NPM/ALK arise from reciprocal chromosomal translocations and cause acute and chronic leukemias and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. FTK-transformed cells displayed drug resistance against the cytostatic drugs cisplatin and mitomycin C. These cells were not protected from drug-mediated DNA damage, implicating activation of the mechanisms preventing DNA damage-induced apoptosis. Various FTKs, except TEL/TRKC(L), can activate STAT5, which may be required to induce drug resistance. We show that STAT5 is essential for FTK-dependent upregulation of RAD51, which plays a central role in homology-dependent recombinational repair (HRR) of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Elevated levels of Rad51 contributed to the induction of drug resistance and facilitation of the HRR in FTK-transformed cells. In addition, expression of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-xL was enhanced in cells transformed by the FTKs able to activate STAT5. Moreover, cells transformed by all examined FTKs displayed G(2)/M delay upon drug treatment. Individually, elevated levels of Rad51, Bcl-xL, or G(2)/M delay were responsible for induction of a modest drug resistance. Interestingly, combination of these three factors in nontransformed cells induced drug resistance of a magnitude similar to that observed in cells expressing FTKs activating STAT5. Thus, we postulate that RAD51-dependent facilitation of DSB repair, antiapoptotic activity of Bcl-xL, and delay in progression through the G(2)/M phase work in concert to induce drug resistance in FTK-positive leukemias and lymphomas.