Density dependence or climatic variation? Factors influencing survival, recruitment, and population growth rate of Virginia opossums

Abstract Mesopredators play an increasingly important role in ecosystems where apex predators have been eliminated, but population ecology of these midsized mammalian carnivores remains poorly understood. We applied Pradel's temporal symmetry models to > 6 years of monthly capture–mark–recapture data and investigated factors influencing apparent survival, recruitment, and realized population growth rate of the Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana), an important mesopredator with unique life-history characteristics. Apparent survival did not vary temporally; monthly survival probabilities were 0.86 ± 0.01 (SE) for females and 0.76 ± 0.02 for males. Recruitment rate varied monthly, with the highest recruitment in December (0.32 ± 0.12 for females and 0.57 ± 0.22 for males). Realized population growth rate varied monthly and was also highest in December (1.30 ± 0.17). Both recruitment and population growth rate were positively influenced by the monthly coefficient of variation of precipitation. There was no evidence of density-dependent influences on opossum population dynamics, nor was there evidence of competition from the raccoon (Procyon lotor), a sympatric and abundant mesopredator. Our study is the 1st to simultaneously report survival, recruitment, and population growth rate of Virginia opossums and to investigate factors influencing these rates. In doing so, we provide important insights into the population dynamics of an increasingly influential mesopredator.