Toll-Like Receptor 4–Dependent and –Independent Cytokine Secretion Induced by Minimally Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein in Macrophages

In macrophages, mmLDL activates TLR4-dependent and -independent signaling pathways, resulting in secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. These results provide new insights into the inflammatory origins of atherosclerosis.