Primary Care Providers’ Experiences with Urine Toxicology Tests to Manage Prescription Opioid Misuse and Substance use among Chronic Noncancer Pain Patients in Safety Net Health Care Settings

These data suggest that primary care clinicians' lack of education and training to interpret and implement urine toxicology tests may impact their management of patient opioid misuse and/or substance use. Clinicians may benefit from additional education and training about the clinical implementation and use of urine toxicology tests. Additional research is needed on how primary care providers implementation and use of urine toxicology tests impacts chronic noncancer pain management in primary care and safety net health care settings among patients with co-occurring chronic non cancer pain and substance use.