Environmental<scp>DNA</scp>(<scp>eDNA</scp>) detects the invasive rusty crayfish<i>Orconectes rusticus</i>at low abundances

Early detection is invaluable for the cost-effective control and eradication of invasive species, yet many traditional sampling techniques are ineffective at the low population abundances found at the onset of the invasion process. Environmental DNA (eDNA) is a promising and sensitive tool for early detection of some invasive species, but its efficacy has not yet been evaluated for many taxonomic groups and habitat types.We evaluated the ability of eDNA to detect the invasive rusty crayfish <i>Orconectes rusticus</i> and to reflect patterns of its relative abundance, in upper Midwest, USA, inland lakes. We paired conventional baited trapping as a measure of crayfish relative abundance with water samples for eDNA, which were analysed in the laboratory with a qPCR assay. We modelled detection probability for <i>O. rusticus</i> eDNA using relative abundance and site characteristics as covariates and also tested the relationship between eDNA copy number and <i>O. rusticus</i> relative abundance.We detected <i>O. rusticus</i> eDNA in all lakes where this species was collected by trapping, down to low relative abundances, as well as in two lakes where trap catch was zero. Detection probability of <i>O. rusticus</i> eDNA was well predicted by relative abundance of this species and lake water clarity. However, there was poor correspondence between eDNA copy number and <i>O. rusticus</i> relative abundance estimated by trap catches. <i>Synthesis and applications</i>. Our study demonstrates a field and laboratory protocol for eDNA monitoring of crayfish invasions, with results of statistical models that provide guidance of sampling effort and detection probabilities for researchers in other regions and systems. We propose eDNA be included as a tool in surveillance for invasive or imperilled crayfishes and other benthic arthropods.