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The report on the Tanzania National Tuberculosis/Leprosy Program (NTLP) includes a discussion of country background information a brief program description a manual of treatment bacteriological services constraints on the program treatment results and progress. NTLP follows WHO guidelines. The permanent program is integrated into the general health services countrywide and is adapted to meet the needs of the people. Separate staff operate NTLP: 3 Ministerial medical and 1 supply officers 20 regional coordinators (RTLCs) who are full time medical officers and 105 district coordinators (DTLCs) medical assistants or rural medical aids who supervise case finding and chemotherapy. Diagnosis and treatment are provided in multipurpose units and hospitals. The manual was developed with international assistance. The manual provides information on the program aims tuberculosis and leprosy diagnosis and treatment and examples of administrative forms. Revisions were made in 1987. Strict adherence to these guidelines must be followed by RTLCs and DTLCs. Laboratory services (20 regional hospital laboratories) are available in all 20 regions for sputum smear examination. There are also 156 district laboratories. 3 specialized laboratories (in Dar-es-Salaam Mwanza and Moshi) conduct microscopy and culture analyses. Diagnosis is usually determined by 3 sputum specimens. 90% of cases are diagnosed in hospital laboratories 6% in the 250 health centers and a few in the 2400 dispensaries. Rifampicin and isoniazid-rifampicin-streptomycin or isoniazid-rifampicin resistance is low. Follow-up of patients is made difficult by inadequate transportation between rural homes and clinics. There has been success since 1982 in using short-course chemotherapy and a regimen of standard chemotherapy. Monitoring of regimens is conducted at 2 5 and 8 months after treatment. Intensive monitoring takes place until sputum becomes negative; a positive at 2 months requires weekly monitoring. Reenrollment pertains to those positive at 5 or 8 months. The cure rate was 77% for 29287 cases. Cures for retreatment were 73% of 3208 cases. Reported tuberculosis cases have increased slightly from 7532 cases in 1985 to 10300 in 1989. The increases may be due to more self-reporting or an increase in AIDS cases. Studies are currently investigating the relationship between HIV infection and tuberculosis.