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Land and freshwater resources are essential for ensuring global sustainable food supplies. The world agriculture currently faces great challenge on how to secure food supply with scarce land and freshwater resources without negatively impacting the environment. Rice-fish system (where 'fish' denotes a wide range of aquatic animals including fish, prawn, shrimp, crabs, soft shell turtles, etc.) is one of the successful models for producing both rice and fish by efficient use of land and freshwater resources. Rice-fish system has contributed to local food security, poverty alleviation and environmental conservation. In the last decades, rice-fish system experienced a fast development in the world. Recently, rice-fish system is practiced in 28 countries (including Japan, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Malaysia). Rice-fish system has a long history in China and has played an important role in providing rice and fish for local consumption. Over the last 60 years, Chinese rice-fish system has steadily developed and changed from small-scale traditional farming to large-scale modern farming with specialization and commercialization to ensure sustainability. Studies have shown that rice-fish system can have high yields of rice and fish and