Exosomes secreted by cardiosphere-derived cells reduce scarring, attenuate adverse remodelling, and improve function in acute and chronic porcine myocardial infarction

Cardiosphere-derived cell exosomes delivered IM decrease scarring, halt adverse remodelling and improve LVEF in porcine AMI and CMI. While conceptually attractive as cell-free therapeutic agents for myocardial infarction, exosomes have the disadvantage that IM delivery is necessary.