Physical Activity/Exercise and Diabetes: A Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association

The adoption and maintenance of physical activity are critical foci for blood glucose management and overall health in individuals with diabetes and prediabetes. Recom- mendations and precautions vary depending on individual characteristics and health status. In this Position Statement, we provide a clinically oriented review and evidence- based recommendations regarding physical activity and exercise in people with type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes mellitus, and prediabetes. Physical activity includes all movement that increases energy use, whereas exer- cise is planned, structured physical activity. Exercise improves blood glucose control in type 2 diabetes, reduces cardiovascular risk factors, contributes to weight loss, and improves well-being (1,2). Regular exercise may prevent or delay type 2 di- abetes development (3). Regular exercise also has considerable health bene fi ts for people with type 1 diabetes (e.g., improved cardiovascular fi tness, muscle strength, insulin sensitivity, etc.) (4). The challenges related to blood glucose management vary with diabetes type, activity type, and presence of diabetes-related complica- tions (5,6). Physical activity and exercise recommendations, therefore, should be tailored to meet the speci fi c needs of each individual.