Adoptive Transfer of Invariant NKT Cells as Immunotherapy for Advanced Melanoma: A Phase I Clinical Trial

<b>Purpose:</b> Invariant NKT cells (iNKT) are innate-like CD1d-restricted T cells with immunoregulatory activity in diseases including cancer. iNKT from advanced cancer patients can have reversible defects including IFNγ production, and iNKT IFNγ production may stratify for survival. Previous clinical trials using iNKT cell activating ligand α-galactosylceramide have shown clinical responses. Therefore, a phase I clinical trial was performed of autologous <i>in vitro</i> expanded iNKT cells in stage IIIB-IV melanoma.<b>Experimental Design:</b> Residual iNKT cells [<0.05% of patient peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)] were purified from autologous leukapheresis product using an antibody against the iNKT cell receptor linked to magnetic microbeads. iNKT cells were then expanded with CD3 mAb and IL2 <i>in vitro</i> to obtain up to approximately 10⁹ cells.<b>Results:</b> Expanded iNKT cells produced IFNγ, but limited or undetectable IL4 or IL10. Three iNKT infusions each were completed on 9 patients, and produced only grade 1-2 toxicities. The 4th patient onward received systemic GM-CSF with their second and third infusions. Increased numbers of iNKT cells were seen in PBMCs after some infusions, particularly when GM-CSF was also given. IFNγ responses to α-galactosylceramide were increased in PBMCs from some patients after infusions, and delayed-type hypersensitivity responses to <i>Candida</i> increased in 5 of 8 evaluated patients. Three patients have died, three were progression-free at 53, 60, and 65 months, three received further treatment and were alive at 61, 81, and 85 months. There was no clear correlation between outcome and immune parameters.<b>Conclusions:</b> Autologous <i>in vitro</i> expanded iNKT cells are a feasible and safe therapy, producing Th1-like responses with antitumor potential. <i>Clin Cancer Res; 23(14); 3510-9. ©2017 AACR</i>.