Search for a command to run...
Metabolic syndrome is also known as the insulin resistance syndrome (or syndrome X) in recognition of the pivotal pathogenic role of impaired insulin action. Various definitions of the metabolic syndrome have been proposed. The main features are abdominal adiposity, glucose intolerance, hypertriglyceridemia, low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, hypertension in variable combinations, and in association with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. Insulin resistance is implicated in common age-related diseases, including cognitive dysfunction and frailty syndrome. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a disorder closely associated with hepatic and whole-body insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes, has attained epidemic proportions. The clinical associations between hypertension, insulin resistance, and other components of the metabolic syndrome are demonstrated. Trials of bariatric surgery in patients with morbid obesity and the metabolic syndrome showed beneficial results, including decreased insulin resistance and lower levels of inflammatory cytokines.