Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of Two-Dimensional Hafnium Carbide

We demonstrate fabrication of a two-dimensional Hf-containing MXene, Hf₃C₂T_z, by selective etching of a layered parent Hf₃[Al(Si)]₄C₆ compound. A substitutional solution of Si on Al sites effectively weakened the interfacial adhesion between Hf-C and Al(Si)-C sublayers within the unit cell of the parent compound, facilitating the subsequent selective etching. The underlying mechanism of the Si-alloying-facilitated etching process is thoroughly studied by first-principles density functional calculations. The result showed that more valence electrons of Si than Al weaken the adhesive energy of the etching interface. The MXenes were determined to be flexible and conductive. Moreover, this 2D Hf-containing MXene material showed reversible volumetric capacities of 1567 and 504 mAh cm^-3 for lithium and sodium ions batteries, respectively, at a current density of 200 mAg^-1 after 200 cycles. Thus, Hf₃C₂T_z MXenes with a 2D structure are candidate anode materials for metal-ion intercalation, especially for applications where size matters.