Qualitative research methods: a data collectors field guide.

Qualitative research methods are gaining in popularity outside the traditional academic social sciences particularly in public health and international development research. Whereas quantitative research methods once dominated these fields researchers have now begun drawing from a more diverse repertoire of methodologies as they tackle international public health problems. Qualitative methods have become important tools within this broader approach to applied research in large part because they provide valuable insights into the local perspectives of study populations. The great contribution of qualitative research is the culturally specific and contextually rich data it produces. Such data are proving critical in the design of comprehensive solutions to public health problems in developing countries as scientists medical doctors pharmaceutical companies and humanitarian organizations have come to recognize that biomedical solutions are only partial remedies. Rather the success of a health intervention -- that is whether it actually reaches the people it is intended to help -- rests also on how well it addresses sociobehavioral factors such as cultural norms ethnic identities gender norms stigma and socioeconomic status. Success measured on this basis has a bearing in turn on the cost-effectiveness efficiency and efficacy of interventions concerns not insignificant in the eyes of project managers and funding agencies. (excerpt)