Andrographolide Inhibits Inflammatory Cytokines Secretion in LPS‐Stimulated RAW264.7 Cells through Suppression of NF‐<i>κ</i>B/MAPK Signaling Pathway

Andrographolide, the main active component extracted from <i>Andrographis paniculata</i> (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees, exerts anti-inflammatory effects; however, the principal molecular mechanisms remain unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms of Andrographolide in modifying lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced signaling pathway in RAW264.7 cells. An in vitro model of inflammation was induced by LPS in mouse RAW264.7 cells in the presence of Andrographolide. The concentration and expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), respectively. The nuclear level of NF-<i>κ</i>B was measured by an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). The expression levels of NF-<i>κ</i>B, p38, ERK, and JNK were determined by western blot. Andrographolide dose-dependently inhibited the release and mRNA expression of TNF-<i>α</i>, IL-6, and IL-1<i>β</i> in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. The nuclear level of p65 protein was decreased in Andrographolide treatment group. Western blot analysis showed that Andrographolide suppressed LPS-induced NF-<i>κ</i>B activation and the phosphorylation of IkBa, ERK1/2, JNK, and p38. These results suggest that Andrographolide exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the activation of NF-<i>κ</i>B/MAPK signaling pathway and the induction of proinflammatory cytokines.