Scale Formation Under Blended Phosphate Treatment for a Utility With Lead Pipes

US corrosion control practice often assumes that the orthophosphate component of blended phosphate corrosion inhibitors causes the formation of low-solubility lead-orthophosphate solids that control lead release into drinking water. This study identified the solids that formed on the interior surface of a lead service line and a galvanized steel pipe excavated from a system using a proprietary blended phosphate chemical. The scale was analyzed by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy. Instead of crystalline lead-orthophosphate solids, a porous amorphous layer rich in aluminum, calcium, phosphorus, and lead was observed at the lead pipe scale-water interface. Thus, the mechanism inhibiting lead release into the water was not a thermodynamically predictable passivating lead-orthophosphate scale, but rather an amorphous barrier deposit that was possibly vulnerable to disturbances. Galvanized pipe scales showed relatively crystalline iron and zinc compounds, with additional surface deposition of aluminum, phosphorus, calcium, and lead.