Toward Aerogel Electrodes of Superior Rate Performance in Supercapacitors through Engineered Hollow Nanoparticles of NiCo₂O₄

A biomass-templated pathway is developed for scalable synthesis of NiCo₂O₄@carbon aerogel electrodes for supercapacitors, where NiCo₂O₄ hollow nanoparticles with an average outer diameter of 30-40 nm are conjoined by graphitic carbon forming a 3D aerogel structure. This kind of NiCo₂O₄ aerogel structure shows large specific surface area (167.8 m² g^-1), high specific capacitance (903.2 F g^-1 at a current density of 1 A g^-1), outstanding rate performance (96.2% capacity retention from 1 to 10 A g^-1), and excellent cycling stability (nearly without capacitance loss after 3000 cycles at 10 A g^-1). The unique structure of the 3D hollow aerogel synergistically contributes to the high performance. For instance, the 3D interconnected porous structure of the aerogel is beneficial for electrolyte ion diffusion and for shortening the electron transport pathways, and thus can improve the rate performance. The conductive carbon joint greatly enhances the specific capacity, and the hollow structure prohibits the volume changes during the charge-discharge process to significantly improve the cycling stability. This work represents a giant step toward the preparation of high-performance commercial supercapacitors.