Renal-Cell Carcinoma

Renal-cell carcinoma is characterized by a lack of early-warning signs (which results in a high proportion of patients with metastases), diverse clinical manifestations, and resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and there is a potential role for immunomodulation in the inhibition of tumor growth. In this review we discuss recent developments in epidemiology, histologic classification, tumor biology, methods of diagnosis and staging, surgical techniques, and immunotherapy for patients with metastatic disease.EpidemiologyRenal-cell carcinoma accounts for 2 percent of all cancers.1 Its incidence varies among countries by a factor of 20 among men and by a factor of 10 among women, . . .