Representativeness in Statistical Reasoning: Identifying and Assessing Misconceptions

The purpose of the study was to develop a valid and reliable test instrument to identify students who hold misconceptions about probability. A total of 263 students completed a multiple-choice test that used a two-part format rather than the typical one-part format. Results of the study showed that even students with formal instruction in statistics continue to demonstrate misconceptions. The test instrument developed in this study provides instructors with (1) a valid and reliable method of identifying students who hold common misconceptions about probability, and (2) diagnostic information concerning students' errors not frequently available through other formats. The test instrument was further evaluated in an instructional intervention study.