Luminescent biomimetic citrate-coated europium-doped carbonated apatite nanoparticles for use in bioimaging: physico-chemistry and cytocompatibility

Nanomedicine covers the application of nanotechnologies in medicine. Of particular interest is the setup of highly-cytocompatible nanoparticles for use as drug carriers and/or for medical imaging. In this context, luminescent nanoparticles are appealing nanodevices with great potential for imaging of tumor or other targetable cells, and several strategies are under investigation. Biomimetic apatite nanoparticles represent candidates of choice in nanomedicine due to their high intrinsic biocompatibility and to the highly accommodative properties of the apatite structure, allowing many ionic substitutions. In this work, the preparation of biomimetic (bone-like) citrate-coated carbonated apatite nanoparticles doped with europium ions is explored using the citrate-based thermal decomplexing approach. The technique allows the preparation of the single apatitic phase with nanosized dimensions only at Eu³⁺ doping concentrations ≤0.01 M at some timepoints. The presence of the citrate coating on the particle surface (as found in bone nanoapatites) and Eu³⁺ substituting Ca²⁺ is beneficial for the preparation of stable suspensions at physiological pH, as witnessed by the <i>ζ</i>-potential <i>versus</i> pH characterizations. The sensitized luminescence features of the solid particles, as a function of the Eu³⁺ doping concentrations and the maturation times, have been thoroughly investigated, while those of particles in suspensions have been investigated at different pHs, ionic strengths and temperatures. Their cytocompatibility is illustrated <i>in vitro</i> on two selected cell types, the GTL-16 human carcinoma cells and the m17.ASC murine mesenchymal stem cells. This contribution shows the potentiality of the thermal decomplexing method for the setup of luminescent biomimetic apatite nanoprobes with controlled features for use in bioimaging.