Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Osteoarthritis: A Pilot Study with Long-Term Follow-Up and Repeated Injections

The preclinical study established the safety and efficacy of haMSCs. Intra-articular injections of haMSCs were safe and improved pain, function and cartilage volume of the knee joint, rendering them a promising novel treatment for knee osteoarthritis. The dosage of 5 × 10⁷ haMSCs exhibited the highest improvement (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01809769).