Probiotic Cell‐Free Supernatants Exhibited Anti‐Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activity on Human Gut Epithelial Cells and Macrophages Stimulated with LPS

The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease is increasing all over the world, especially in industrialized countries. The aim of the present work was to verify the anti‐inflammatory activity of metabolites. In particular, cell‐free supernatants of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei , Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus reuteri , and Saccharomyces boulardii have been investigated. Metabolites produced by these probiotics were able to downregulate the expression of PGE‐2 and IL‐8 in human colon epithelial HT‐29 cells. Moreover, probiotic supernatants can differently modulate IL‐1 β , IL‐6, TNF‐ α , and IL‐10 production by human macrophages, suggesting a peculiar anti‐inflammatory activity. Furthermore, supernatants showed a significant dose‐dependent radical scavenging activity. This study suggests one of the mechanisms by which probiotics exert their anti‐inflammatory activity affecting directly the intestinal epithelial cells and the underlying macrophages. This study provides a further evidence to support the possible use of probiotic metabolites in preventing and downregulating intestinal inflammation as adjuvant in anti‐inflammatory therapy.