The Relationship of Facet Joint Orientation and Tropism with Lumbar Disc Herniation and Degenerative Spondylolisthesis in the Lower Lumbar Spine

The L4-5 level demonstrated a significant association with SAF and FT in LDH and DS. Moreover, SAF at L5-S1 demonstrated a positive association with LDH. These findings provide useful information for future longitudinal studies to elucidate the possible causes for such phenomena.