Hybrid hollow spheres of carbon@Co_xNi_1−xMoO₄ as advanced electrodes for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors

Combining pseudocapacitive materials with conductive substrates is an effective approach to enhance the overall performance of electrodes for supercapacitors. Herein, NiMoO4 nanosheets were grown on the surface of porous carbon nanospheres (PCNS) that were derived from cyclodextrin, resulting in PCNS@NiMoO4 hollow nanospheres. Co was further doped into NiMoO4 which gave rise to a composite PCNS@CoxNi1-xMoO4. The capacitive performance of these materials was systematically examined. Compared with pure NiMoO4 and PCNS@NiMoO4, PCNS@Co0.21Ni0.79MoO4 showed the highest specific capacitance of 954 F g-1 at 1 A g-1 and an extraordinary rate performance of 92.8% retention at 40 A g-1, which are significantly higher than those of PCNS@NiMoO4 and pure NiMoO4. This enhancement was due to the fact that PCNS provides high electrical conductivity, the hollow structure enables excellent contact and facile penetration of the electrolyte into the active material, and Co doping further improves the electrical conductivity and provides extra redox reaction sites. By using PCNS@Co0.21Ni0.79MoO4 as the positive electrode and activated carbon (AC) as the negative electrode, an asymmetric supercapacitor was fabricated. Such a device delivered an energy density of 36.7 W h kg-1 at a power density of 346.4 W kg-1, and an outstanding cycling stability with 90.2% retention of its initial capacitance after 5000 cycles of charge and discharge.