Incidence and malignancy rates of indeterminate pediatric thyroid nodules

Adult patients with indeterminate preoperative thyroid cytopathology are followed by repeat biopsy and possibly molecular testing before undergoing definitive surgery. However, in children, the guidelines are considerably more aggressive and recommend definitive surgery after the first indeterminate thyroid biopsy. Here, the largest pediatric cohort to date with meta-analysis is presented, and the authors propose a re-evaluation of this up-front approach to pediatric thyroid care.