Oxygen-deficient metal oxides: Synthesis routes and applications in energy and environment

Oxygen vacancies implantation is an efficient way to adjust the physical and chemical properties of metal oxide nanomaterials to meet the requirements for particular applications. Through reasonable defects design, oxygen-deficient metal oxides with excellent optical and electrical properties are widely applied for environmental protection and energy uses. This review discusses recent advances in synthetic approaches of oxygen-deficient metal oxides and their applications in photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, and energy storage devices. The perspectives of oxygen-deficient metal oxides for increased energy demand and environmental sustainability are also examined.