Specific Sialoforms Required for the Immune Suppressive Activity of Human Soluble CD52

Human CD52 is a small glycopeptide (12 amino acid residues) with one <i>N-</i>linked glycosylation site at asparagine 3 (Asn3) and several potential <i>O-</i>glycosylation serine/threonine sites. Soluble CD52 is released from the surface of activated T cells and mediates immune suppression via its glycan moiety. In suppressing activated T cells, it first sequesters the pro-inflammatory high mobility group Box 1 (HMGB1) protein, which facilitates its binding to the inhibitory sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin-10 (Siglec-10) receptor. We aimed to identify the features of CD52 glycan that underlie its bioactivity. Analysis of native CD52 purified from human spleen revealed extensive heterogeneity in <i>N-</i>glycosylation and multi-antennary sialylated <i>N-</i>glycans with abundant polyLacNAc extensions, together with mainly di-sialylated <i>O-</i>glycosylation type structures. Glycomic (porous graphitized carbon-ESI-MS/MS) and glycopeptide (C8-LC-ESI-MS) analysis of recombinant soluble human CD52-immunoglobulin Fc fusion proteins revealed that CD52 bioactivity was correlated with a high abundance of tetra-antennary α-2,3/6 sialylated <i>N-</i>glycans. Removal of α-2,3 sialylation abolished bioactivity, which was restored by re-sialylation with α-2,3 sialyltransferases. When glycoforms of CD52-Fc were fractionated by anion exchange MonoQ-GL chromatography, bioactive fractions displayed mainly tetra-antennary, α-2,3 sialylated <i>N-</i>glycan structures and a lower relative abundance of bisecting GlcNAc structures compared to non-bioactive fractions. In addition, <i>O-</i>glycan core type-2 di-sialylated structures at Ser12 were more abundant in bioactive CD52 fractions. Understanding the structural features of CD52 glycan required for its bioactivity will aid its development as an immunotherapeutic agent.