Apigenin-7-O-glucoside versus apigenin: insight into the modes of anticandidal and cytotoxic actions

Bioactive potential of apigenin derivative apigenin-7-<i>O</i>-glucoside related to its antifungal activity on <i>Candida</i> spp. and cytotoxic effect on colon cancer cells was studied and compared with bioactive potential of apigenin. Antifungal activity was tested on 14 different isolates of <i>Candida</i> spp. using membrane permeability assay, measuring inhibition of reactive oxidative species and inhibition of CYP51 <i>C. albicans</i> enzyme. Cytotoxic potential of apigenin-7-<i>O</i>-glucoside was tested on colon cancer HCT116 cells by measuring cell viability, apoptosis rate and apoptosis- and colon cancer-related gene expression. Obtained results indicated considerable antifungal activity of apigenin-7-<i>O</i>-glucoside towards all <i>Candida</i> isolates. Breakdown of <i>C. albicans</i> plasma membrane was achieved upon treatment with apigenin-7-<i>O</i>-glucoside for shorter period of time then with apigenin. Reduction of intra- and extracellular reactive oxidative species was achieved with minimum inhibitory concentrations of both compounds, suggesting that reactive oxidative species inhibition could be a mechanism of antifungal action. None of the compounds exhibited binding affinity to <i>C. albicans</i> CYP51 protein. Besides, apigenin-7-<i>O</i>-glucoside was more effective compared to apigenin in reduction of cell's viability and induction of cell death of HCT116 cells. Treatment with both compounds resulted in chromatin condensation, apoptotic bodies formation and apoptotic genes expression in HCT116 cells, but the apigenin-7-<i>O</i>-glucoside required a lower concentration to achieve the same effect. Compounds apigenin-7-<i>O</i>-glucoside and apigenin displayed prominent antifungal potential and cytotoxic effect on HCT116 cells. However, our results showed that apigenin-7-<i>O</i>-glucoside has more potent activity compared to apigenin in all assays that we used.