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The efficient classification of remote sensing images (RSIs) has become the key of remote sensing application. To tackle the high computational cost in the traditional classification method, in this paper we propose a new RSI classification method based on improved convolutional neural network (CNN) and support vector machine (SVM) (CNN-SVM). In this method, we first designed a seven-layer CNN structure and took the ReLU function as the activation function. We then inputted the RSI into the CNN model and extracted feature maps and replaced the output layer of the CNN network via training the feature maps in the SVM classifier. Next, taking the simulation experiments of MNIST handwritten digital dataset and UC Merced Land Use remote sensing dataset as examples, we tested and verified the proposed method in this experiment. Finally, the empirical study of volcanic ash cloud (VAC) classification from moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) RSI was carried out and evaluated. The experimental results show that compared with the traditional methods, the proposed method has lower loss value and better generalization in modeling training; the total classification accuracy of VAC and Kappa coefficient reached 93.5% and 0.8502, respectively, and achieved preferable VAC identification and visual effects. It will enhance the classification accuracy to the massive remote sensing data.