Multi-Fidelity Wing Optimization Utilizing 2D to 3D Pressure Distribution Mapping in Transonic Conditions

Due to time and resource constraints, the conceptual design process for new aircraft is typically limited to inexpensive low-fidelity methods. Unfortunately, these methods generally only provide the fidelity necessary to confidently go forward with a new design when they have been calibrated to previous aircraft of similar type. This substantially limits the application of new technology early in the design cycle, and means that only high-level information can be obtained, potentially limiting the available design space. To remedy this, new methods must be developed that can produce higher-fidelity results without a significant increase in cost. Here, we demonstrate a method for higher-fidelity aerodynamic analysis that incorporates 2D and 3D pressure distribution mapping into a multi-fidelity framework. This expands on previous work in the area by providing a multifidelity approach that allows for the prediction of the shape of the pressure distribution in addition to high level aerodynamic performance. As part of this demonstration, we present results for a wing that has been optimized using the 3D solver FLO107 exclusively, as well as a combination of the 2D solver FLO103 and FLO107. The differences in required evaluations and the final results are documented.