Highly Integrated Guidewire Ultrasound Imaging System-on-a-Chip

In this article, we present a highly integrated guidewire ultrasound (US) imaging system-on-a-chip (GUISoC) for vascular imaging. The SoC consists of a 16-channel US transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) electronics, on-chip power management IC (PMIC), and quadrature sampler. Using a synthetic aperture imaging algorithm, a Tx/Rx pair, connected to capacitive micromachined ultrasound transducers (CMUTs), can be activated at any time. The Tx generates acoustic waves by driving the CMUT, while the Rx picks up the echo signal and amplify it to be delivered through an interconnect that is driven by a buffer. On-chip logic controls the pulsers that generate the high-voltage (HV)-pulse for Tx. An on-chip PMIC provides 1.8-, 5-, 39-, and 44-V supplies and a clock signal from the two interconnects besides GND. A quadrature sampler down-converts the Rx echo signal to baseband, reducing its bandwidth requirement for the output interconnect. The system design, including transimpedance amplifier (TIA) optimization, based on the equivalent circuit of a specific CMUT is presented. The SoC was fabricated by a 0.18-<i>μ</i>m HV CMOS process, occupying 1.5-mm2 active area and consuming 25.2 and 44 mW from 1.8 to 44 V supplies, respectively. The US Tx and Rx show bandwidths of 32-42 and 32.7-37.5 MHz, respectively. The input-referred noise of the system was measured as 9.66 nA in band with 2-m-long 52 American Wire Gauge (AWG) wire interconnects. The functionality of the GUISoC was verified <i>in vitro</i> by imaging wire targets.