Ischaemic Cardiomyopathy. Pathophysiological Insights, Diagnostic Management and the Roles of Revascularisation and Device Treatment. Gaps and Dilemmas in the Era of Advanced Technology

Ischaemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) represents an important cardiovascular condition associated with substantially increased morbidity and mortality. It is characterised from a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations and pathophysiological substrates and its diagnosis is based on the demonstration of significant left ventricular dysfunction in the context of significant epicardial coronary artery disease. Contemporary management aims at improving prognosis through evidence-based pharmacotherapy and device therapy, where indicated. Whilst the beneficial role of revascularisation remains clear in patients with strong indications such as those with symptoms and/or acute coronary syndromes, for those patients that are asymptomatic and suffer from stable ischaemic heart disease the impact of revascularisation on hard outcomes remains less well defined and currently its adoption is hampered by the lack of robust randomised data. The aim of this review is therefore to provide a constructive appraisal on the pathophysiology of ICM, the role of the various non-invasive imaging techniques in the diagnosis of ICM and the differentiation between viable and non-viable myocardium and finally discourse the potential role of revascularisation and contemporary device therapy in the management of patients with ICM.