Dilatancy and Critical State of Calcareous Sand Incorporating Particle Breakage

Particle breakage has a crucial impact on the dilatancy and critical state of calcareous sand. This study performed several triaxial experiments on calcareous sand samples to describe the stress–dilatancy relationship of calcareous sand. The experimental results revealed that critical friction angle always is lower than the mobilized friction angle for calcareous sand. The shear resistance correlates with dilatancy and particle breakage. In addition, particle breakage highly affected the critical state line in the conducted tests. By introducing the concept of breakage parameters, this study established a modified dilatancy equation considering particle breakage under the theoretical framework of state parameters. The experimental results of this study exhibited a good correlation with the model results employing unique parameters.