Advanced Fluorescence Imaging Technology in the Near-Infrared-II Window for Biomedical Applications

Fluorescence imaging has become a fundamental tool for biomedical applications; nevertheless, its intravital imaging capacity in the conventional wavelength range (400-950 nm) has been restricted by its extremely limited tissue penetration. To tackle this challenge, a novel imaging approach using the fluorescence in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II, 1000-1700 nm) has been developed in the past decade to achieve deep penetration and high-fidelity imaging, and thus significant biomedical applications have begun to emerge. In this Perspective, we first examine recent discoveries and challenges in the development of novel NIR-II fluorophores and compatible imaging apparatuses. Subsequently, the recent advances in bioimaging, biosensing, and therapy using such a cutting-edge imaging technique are highlighted. Finally, based on the achievement in the representative studies, we elucidate the main concerns regarding this imaging technique and give some advice and prospects for the development of NIR-II imaging for future biomedical applications.