Repeating behaviour of FRB 121102: periodicity, waiting times, and energy distribution

ABSTRACT Detections from the repeating fast radio burst FRB 121102 are clustered in time, noticeable even in the earliest repeat bursts. Recently, it was argued that the source activity is periodic, suggesting that the clustering reflected a not-yet-identified periodicity. We performed an extensive multiwavelength campaign with the Effelsberg telescope, the Green Bank telescope, and the Arecibo Observatory to shadow the Gran Telescope Canaria (optical), NuSTAR (X-ray) and INTEGRAL (γ-ray). We detected 36 bursts with Effelsberg, one with a pulse width of 39 ms, the widest burst ever detected from FRB 121102. With one burst detected during simultaneous NuSTAR observations, we place a 5σ upper limit of 5 × 1047 erg on the 3–79 keV energy of an X-ray burst counterpart. We tested the periodicity hypothesis using 165 h of Effelsberg observations and find a periodicity of 161 ± 5 d. We predict the source to be active from 2020 July 9 to October 14 and subsequently from 2020 December 17 to 2021 March 24. We compare the wait times between consecutive bursts within a single observation to Weibull and Poisson distributions. We conclude that the strong clustering was indeed a consequence of a periodic activity and show that if the few events with millisecond separation are excluded, the arrival times are Poisson distributed. We model the bursts’ cumulative energy distribution with energies from ∼1038–1039 erg and find that it is well described by a power law with slope of γ = −1.1 ± 0.2. We propose that a single power law might be a poor descriptor of the data over many orders of magnitude.