Basal Ti level in the human placenta and meconium and evidence of a materno-foetal transfer of food-grade TiO2 nanoparticles in an ex vivo placental perfusion model

Altogether, these results show a materno-foetal transfer of TiO₂ particles during pregnancy, with food-grade TiO₂ as a potential source for foetal exposure to NPs. These data emphasize the need for risk assessment of chronic exposure to TiO₂-NPs during pregnancy.