Performance of the Unified Readout System of Belle II

The Belle II experiment at the SuperKEKB collider at KEK, Tsukuba, Japan has successfully started taking data with the full detector in March 2019. Belle II is a luminosity frontier experiment of the new generation to search for physics beyond the Standard Model of elementary particles, from precision measurements of a huge number of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$B$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and charm mesons and tau leptons. To read out the events at a high rate from the seven subdetectors of Belle II, we adopt a highly unified readout system, including a unified trigger-timing distribution system (TTD), a unified high-speed data link system (Belle2link), and a common backend system to receive Belle2link data. Each subdetector frontend readout system has a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) in which unified firmware components of the TTD receiver and Belle2link transmitter are embedded. The system is designed for data taking at a trigger rate up to 30 kHz with a dead-time fraction of about 1% in the frontend readout system. The trigger rate is still much lower than our design. However, the background level is already high because of the initial vacuum condition and other accelerator parameters, and it is the most limiting factor of the accelerator and detector operation. Hence, the occupancy and radiation effects to the frontend electronics are rather severe, and they cause various kinds of instabilities. We present the performance of the system, including the achieved trigger rate, dead-time fraction, and stability, and discuss the experience gained during the operation.