A Simple n-Dopant Derived from Diquat Boosts the Efficiency of Organic Solar Cells to 18.3%

Molecular doping has recently been shown to improve the operating characteristics of organic photovoltaics (OPVs). Here, we prepare
\nneutral Diquat (DQ) and use it as n-dopant to improve the performance of state-of-the-art OPVs. Adding DQ in ternary bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) cells based of PM6:Y6:PC71BM is found to consistently increase their power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 16.7 to 17.4%. Analyses of materials and devices reveal that DQ acts as n-type dopant and morphology modifier for the BHJ leading to observable changes in its surface topography. The resulting n-doped BHJs exhibit higher optical absorption coefficients, balanced ambipolar transport, longer carrier lifetimes and suppressed bimolecular recombination, which are ultimately responsible for the increased PCE. The use of DQ was successfully extended to OPVs based on PM6:BTP-eC9:PC71BM for which a maximum PCE of 18.3% (uncertified) was achieved. Our study highlights DQ as a promising dopant for application in next generation organic solar cells.