The rise of illicit fentanyls, stimulants and the fourth wave of the opioid overdose crisis

2021906 citationsReviewhybrid Open Access

Authors

Daniel Ciccarone · University of California, San Francisco

Abstract

A 'fourth wave' of high mortality involving methamphetamine and cocaine use has been gathering force in the USA. Availability and use of illicit fentanyls are still the major drivers of overdose deaths and the current rise in stimulant-related deaths appears entwined with the ongoing opioid epidemic.

Topics & Keywords

Opioid Use Disorder Treatment Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis Pain Management and Opioid Use

UN Sustainable Development Goals

Good health and well-being

Publication Details

Published in: Current Opinion in Psychiatry

Volume 34, Issue 4, pp. 344-350

DOI: 10.1097/yco.0000000000000717

Field-Weighted Citation Impact: 123.18